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Bertha Felicitas Sophie Freifrau von Suttner (Baroness Bertha von Suttner, née Countess Kinsky, ''Gräfin Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau''; 9 June 1843 – 21 June 1914) was a Czech-Austrian pacifist and novelist. In 1905 she was the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, thus being the second female Nobel laureate after Marie Curie's 1903 award,〔(List of female recipients of the Nobel Prize )〕 and the first Austrian laureate. ==Early life== Suttner was born on 9 June 1843 at Palais Kinsky in the Obecní dvůr district of Prague.〔Hamann, p. 1〕 Her parents were the Austrian Lieutenant general (''Feldmarschall-Leutnant'') Franz de Paula Josef Graf Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau, recently deceased at the age of 75, and his wife Sophie Wilhelmine von Körner, who was fifty years his junior.〔Hamann, p. 2〕 Her father was a member of the House of Kinsky via descent from Vilém Kinský. Suttner's mother was of significantly lower status, being the daughter of Joseph von Körner, a cavalry officer, and a distant relative of the poet Theodor Körner.〔Kempf, pp. 7-8〕 For the rest of her life, Suttner faced exclusion from the Austrian high aristocracy due to her mixed descent; for instance only those with unblemished aristocratic pedigree back to their great-great-grandparents were eligible to be presented at court. She was additionally disadvantaged because her father, as a third son, had no great estates or other financial resources to be inherited. Suttner was baptised at the Church of Our Lady of the Snows, not a traditional choice for the aristocracy.〔 Soon after her birth, Suttner's mother moved to live in Brno with her guardian Friedrich Fürstenberg. Her older brother Arthur was sent to a military school, at the age of six, and subsequently had little contact with the family. In 1855 Suttner's aunt Loffe and cousin Elvira joined the household.〔Playne, p. 16〕 Elvira, whose father was a private tutor, was of a similar age to Suttner and intellectually precocious, introducing Suttner to the pleasures of literature and philosophy.〔Hamann p. 5〕 Beyond her reading, Suttner gained proficiency in French, Italian and English as an adolescent, under the supervision of a succession of private tutors; she also became an accomplished amateur pianist and singer.〔Hamann pp. 9-10〕 Suttner's mother and aunt suffered from delusions of clarivoyance and thus elected to gamble at Wiesbaden in the summer of 1856, hoping to return with a fortune. Their losses were so heavy that they were forced to move to Vienna. During this trip Suttner received a proprosal from Prince Philipp Wittgenstein which was declined due to her tender age.〔Hamann pp. 5-6〕 The family returned to Wiesbaden in 1859; the second trip was similarly unfortunate, and they had to relocate to a small property in Klosterneuburg. Shortly after this turn of events, Suttner wrote her first published work, the novella ''Endertraüme im Monde'', which appeared in ''Die Deutsche Frau''. Continuing poor financial circumstance lead Suttner to a brief engagement to the wealthy Gustav Heine von Geldern, whom she grew to find unattractive and rejected; her memoirs record her disgusted response to the older man's attempt to kiss her.〔 In 1864, the family summered at Bad Homburg which was also a fashionable gambling destination among the aristocracy of the era. Suttner befriended the Georgian aristocrat Ekaterine Dadiani, Princess of Mingrelia, and met Tsar Alexander II.〔Hamann p. 11〕 Seeking a career as an opera singer as an alternative to marrying money, Suttner undertook an intensive course of lessons, working on her voice for over four hours a day. Despite tuition from the eminent Gilbert Duprez in Paris in 1867, and from Pauline Viardot in Baden-Baden in 1868, she never secured a professional engagement. She suffered from stage fright and was unable to project well in performance.〔Playne, p. 29〕〔Kemf, p. 9〕〔Hamann p. 13〕 In the summer of 1872 she was engaged to Adolf zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein who died at sea while travelling to America to escape his debts in October.〔Hamann p. 15〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bertha von Suttner」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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